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Abstract Perineural spread is the dissemination of some types of head and neck tumors
along nervous structures. Perineural spread has negative repercussions on treatment because it
requires more extensive resection and larger fields of irradiation. Moreover, perineural spread
is associated with increased local recurrence, and it is considered an independent indicator of
poor prognosis in the TNM classification fortumor staging. However, perineural spread often goes
undetected on imaging studies. In this update, we review the concept of perineural spread, its
pathogenesis, and the main pathways and connections among the facial nerves, which are essential
to understand this process. Furthermore, we discuss the appropriate techniques for imaging
studies, and we describe and illustrate the typical imaging signs that help identify perineural
spread on CT and MRI. Finally, we discuss the differential diagnosis with other entities.
KEYWORDS: MeSh terms; Neoplasm metastasis; Cranial nerve neoplasms/diagnosis; Cranial nerve neoplasms/secondary; Head and neck neoplasms/diagnosis; Head and neck neoplasms/secondary; Magnetic resonance imaging; Computed tomography; X-Ray; Multimodal imaging; Neoplasm invasiveness.
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